Strategies for Resolving Social Conflict in the Labor Collective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70063/sociohumania.v2i2.123Keywords:
Social Conflict, Labor Collective, Organizational Behavior, Conflict Resolution, Social PartnershipAbstract
Social conflict within labor collectives represents a recurrent phenomenon shaped by contradictions in interests, goals, and authority relations. Drawing on classical and contemporary sociological perspectives, this study examines how conflicts emerge, evolve, and can be effectively resolved in modern enterprises. This research employs a qualitative, literature-based approach through comprehensive analysis of theoretical writings by Parsons, Coser, Dahrendorf, Simmel, and Boulding, complemented by documented organizational studies such as the Hawthorne experiments. The method emphasizes conceptual interpretation, comparative theoretical analysis, and synthesis of conflict dynamics. Findings show that conflicts originate from both structural and psychological factors, including material dissatisfaction, violations of labor norms, personality differences, and unequal authority relations. Interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup conflicts follow identifiable stages—from latent tensions to escalation and resolution. Trade unions play a critical role in mediating disputes and promoting social partnership. Theoretical convergence indicates that conflict is multifactorial and inherent within organizational systems. When constructively managed, conflict can enhance group cohesion, clarify values, and contribute to organizational development. This highlights the necessity of socio-psychological awareness in modern management.
Downloads
References
Ackroyd, S. (2009). Organizational Conflict. In SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks (p. 192). SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200455.n12
Acuña-Hurtado, N., García-Salirrosas, E. E., Villar-Guevara, M., & Fernández-Mallma, I. (2024). Scale to Evaluate Employee Experience: Evidence of Validity and Reliability in Regular Basic Education Teachers in the Peruvian Context. Behavioral Sciences, 14(8), 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080667
Adham, T. K. I. (2023). Conflict Resolution in Team: Analyzing the of Conflicts and Best Skills for Resolution. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology, 11(8), 152. https://doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2023.v11i08.001
Agunbiade, N. (2024). Exploring sociological perspectives on the current job market. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4908078
Al, B. (2022). Takım Çalışması ve Çatışma Yönetiminin Algılanan Bireysel Performans Üzerindeki Etkisi. DergiPark (Istanbul University). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jobreview/issue/68155/1012773
Alam, M. A. (2024). HR Analytics for Strategic Decisions: Resolving Conflicts from a Psychological Perspective. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5344306/v1
Ali, N. N. S., Ahmad, M. Z., Ahmad Apandi, L. S., Afendi, N. A., & Shukri, S. (2021). Sois-Conference on Contemporary Global Studies 2021 “Resilience, Agility in Global Studies amid the Unprecedented Pandemic.”
Azcárate, A. L. (2012). Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Social Sciences and Knowledge Management. In InTech eBooks. https://doi.org/10.5772/2273
Barkan, S. E. (2016). Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World. https://doi.org/10.24926/8668.2401
Bensouda, A., Aissaqui, H. E., & Ourdi, A. (2025). Impact of labour conflicts on employee innovation: The role of proactive HRM. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 23. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v23i0.2900
Bhakuni, S., Rana, A., & Bhanot, B. (2024). Techniques for Managing Employee Relations and Conflict Resolution within the Workplace. Journal of Business and Management Studies, 6(3), 94. https://doi.org/10.32996/jbms.2024.6.3.10
Bharathi, S. K. S., & Sujatha, S. (2024). A Systematic Review Approach to Organisational Conflict Resolution for Optimal Productivity and Seamless Functioning [Review of A Systematic Review Approach to Organisational Conflict Resolution for Optimal Productivity and Seamless Functioning]. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research/Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 244. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-433-4_18
Bingham, L. B. (2004). Employment dispute resolution: The case for mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 22, 145. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.96
Bingöl, İ. (2022). Toplumsal Teoride Çatişmanin Klasik Kökleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Karl Marx, Max Weber, Georg Simmel. DergiPark (Istanbul University). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/matbuat/issue/71397/1138578
Bloch, B. (1985). Interdepartmental conflict: The neglected dimension of management. South African Journal of Business Management, 16(4), 195. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v16i4.1095
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. In Harvard University Press eBooks. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674028845
Buribayev, Y., Khamzina, Z., Rakhimova, G., Turlykhankyzy, K., & Kalkayeva, N. (2023). Advantage and Risks of the Specialization of Courts in Social and Labor Disputes. International Journal for Court Administration, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.477
Cain, G., & Plessis, A. du. (2013). Teachers’ Perceptions of The Consequences of Interpersonal Conflict: A Case Study in Three Primary Schools. Problems of Management in the 21st Century, 8(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.33225/pmc/13.08.25b
Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2006). Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework. Personnel Psychology, 59(3), 755. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00052_5.x
Chaudhary, S., & Arora, N. (2023). Turning Conflict into Collaboration: The Power of Constructive Conflict Management for Your Team. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(15). https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.15.006
Chesler, M. A., Crowfoot, J. E., & Bryant, B. (1979). The Institutional Contexts of School Desegregation: Contrasting Models of Research and Practice. Deep Blue (University of Michigan). https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/50973
Choi, M., & Yang, J. (2024). Exploring the Complexities of Negotiation: Strategies for Successful Intra- and Inter-Team Negotiation in Organizations. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 27(3). https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5398
Cooper, A., Teoh, K., Madine, R., Neal, A., Jones, A., Hussain, A., & Behrens, D. A. (2024). The last resort: reducing avoidable employee harm by improving the application of the disciplinary policy and process. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1350351
Dirrler, P., & Podruzsik, S. (2023). Conflict Costs in National and International Business: A Comparative Analysis. Foundations of Management, 15(1), 209. https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0015
Dublenkova, S., Anoshin, K., & Соколовская, И. Э. (2022). Modern Technologies for Resolving Conflicts Within an Organization. Laisvalaikio Tyrimai, 2(18), 1. https://doi.org/10.33607/elt.v1i17.1124
Dunford, B. B., Mumford, K. J., Boss, R. W., Boss, A. D., & Boss, D. S. (2019). Integrated Conflict Management Systems Pay Off with Lower Levels of Formal Grievances and Lower Turnover Rates. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 73(2), 528. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793919882892
E., T. Z. B. (2008). “El trabajo” visto desde una perspectiva social y jurídica. Revista Latinoamericana de Derecho Social. https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24487899e.2008.7.9555
Egerová, D., & Rotenbornová, L. (2021). Towards Understanding of Workplace Conflict: An Examination Into Causes and Conflict Management Strategies. Problems of Management in the 21st Century, 16(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.33225/pmc/21.16.07
Elgoibar, P., Munduate, L., & Euwema, M. (2016). Building Trust and Constructive Conflict Management in Organizations. In Industrial relations & conflict management (p. 1). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31475-4_1
Esbati, Z., & Korunka, C. (2021). Does Intragroup Conflict Intensity Matter? The Moderating Effects of Conflict Management on Emotional Exhaustion and Work Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.614001
Farha, F. N., Anugrah, R. T., Restivalia, S. P., Mahbubah, Z., Adani, S. P., & Pramono, D. (2022). Dynamics of Social Conflict in Bener Dam and Mining Plan Development in Wadas Village: Karl Marx’s Conflict Theory Perspective. Jupiis Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 14(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.24114/jupiis.v14i1.30431
Fauzi, M., Muttaqin, A., Alfi, I., & Basit, A. (2021). Reforma Agraria Dan Aksi Reklaiming Di Areal PT. Perkebunan Nusantara (Persero) IX Afdelling Gunung Panenjoan Desa Bantar Kecamatan Wanareja Kabupaten Cilacap.
Feigenblatt, O. V. (2023). Mediation for Management: Dealing with Conflict in the Workplace. Revista Innovaciones de Negocios, 18(35), 113. https://doi.org/10.29105/revin18.35-387
García, A. B., Elgoibar, P., Medina, F. J., Munduate, L., & Euwema, M. (2022). Healthcare workers’ survival in times of COVID-19: The need for social dialogue. Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, 29, 35. https://doi.org/10.17345/rio29.35-55
García-Salirrosas, E. E., Yong-Chung, F. E., Arroyo, R. R. J., Escobar‐Farfán, M., & Acevedo-Duque, Á. (2025). Impact of Leader Behavior on Employee Experience and Job Satisfaction in Educational Institutions. Administrative Sciences, 15(4), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15040119
Georgieva, I., & Georgieva, S. (2019). Aspects of conflicts within the organization. Vilnius University Open Series, 2, 12. https://doi.org/10.15388/openseries.2019.18398
Glickman, C. D. (1981). Supervision of Instruction: A Developmental Approach. In Medical Entomology and Zoology. Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA27485196
Gonzales, M. (2021). Systems Thinking for Supporting Students with Special Needs and Disabilities: A Handbook for Classroom Teachers. In Systems Thinking for Supporting Students with Special Needs and Disabilities: A Handbook for Classroom Teachers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4558-4
Gulowski, R., & Weller, C. (2017). Zivile Konfliktbearbeitung. Kritik, Konzept und theoretische Fundierung. PERIPHERIE, 37(3), 386. https://doi.org/10.3224/peripherie.v37i3.01
Hajaliyev, E. B. (2025). Characteristics of Political and Social Conflicts. DergiPark (Istanbul University). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17182575
Hammer, B. (2016). Developing a Truly Compassionate Society. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.15406/jpcpy.2016.05.00245
Harney, B. (2019). Systems theory: forgotten legacy and future prospects. In Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786439017.00014
Hirsch, S. F., & Moore, B. R. A. (2023). Cultural Expertise and Conflict Resolution. In Routledge eBooks (p. 215). Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003167075-23
Hosseinzadeh, Z. (2024). Harmony Amidst Turmoil: Navigating Conflict with Mindfulness. In IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1003050
Hourani, M. A. K. A. (2019). Generational “Structural Flexibility” in the United Arab Emirati Family: Lewis Coser’s Functions of Social Conflict Revisited. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de La Jeunesse, 11(1), 136. https://doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29409
Husemann, K. C., Ladstaetter, F., & Luedicke, M. K. (2015). Conflict Culture and Conflict Management in Consumption Communities. Psychology and Marketing, 32(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20779
Hussain, A. N., Olaywi, A. H., Amanah, A. A., & Fadhil, A. H. (2024). Interactive Role of Strategic Clarity in The Relationship Between Organizational Conflict Management and Strategic Decision Quality. Verslas Teorija Ir Praktika, 25(1), 154. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2024.20083
Hyatt, J., & Gruenglas, J. (2023). Ethical Considerations in Organizational Conflict. In IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002645
Hyde, M. A., & Couser, G. (2024). Successfully Managing Workplace Conflict. Healthcare Administration Leadership & Management Journal, 2(5), 221. https://doi.org/10.55834/halmj.4952401687
Iceland, J. (2025). Beyond conflict: recovering the sociology of social progress. Theory and Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-025-09653-z
Islam, T., Khatoon, A., Cheema, A. U., & Ashraf, Y. (2023). How does ethical leadership enhance employee work engagement? The roles of trust in leader and harmonious work passion. Kybernetes, 53(6), 2090. https://doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2022-1343
Jehn, K. A. (1997). A Qualitative Analysis of Conflict Types and Dimensions in Organizational Groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3), 530. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393737
John-Eke, E. C., & Akintokunbo, O. O. (2020). Conflict Management as a Tool for Increasing Organizational Effectiveness: A Review of Literature [Review of Conflict Management as a Tool for Increasing Organizational Effectiveness: A Review of Literature]. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v10-i5/7198
Johnson, S., Ugorowski, M., Botkin, C., Deimer, D., Bolin, J. D., Frye, S., Garrard, R. M., Kelkis, D., Prekeges, J. L., York, D. M., Shanbrun, L., Voslar, A., Gutierrez, N. G., & Cross, C. (2024). SNMMI-TS Nuclear Medicine Technology Universal AES/CI Handbook. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 52(4), 285. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnmt.124.268858
Jones, C., & Saundry, R. (2016). A Crisis of Confidence? Front-line Managers and the Complexities of Conflict. In Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks (p. 105). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51560-5_6
Jones, S. L., Shah, P. P., Ferguson, A., & Peterson, R. S. (2019). Things Are Not Always What They Seem: The Origins and Evolution of Intragroup Conflict. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2019(1), 11498. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2019.11498abstract
Kamkar, K., & Baril, M. (2024). Enhancing organizational well-being and growth: The value of ombud services and the development of ombud consultation evaluation survey. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 9(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.375
Karmutoğlu, İ. (2024). Sınıf ve Toplumsal Tabakalaşma: Teorik Bir Analiz. DergiPark (Istanbul University). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cagsbd/issue/89170/1568557
Killen, M., & Smetana, J. G. (2006). Handbook of moral development. Choice Reviews Online, 43(5), 43. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-3080
Kişi, N. (2024). Exploring Employee Engagement in The Public Sector: Antecedents, Consequences and Strategies. Public Administration Issues, 5, 111. https://doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2024-0-5-111-129
Kiyumi, M. H. A. (2023). Conflict Management in Healthcare Leadership; A Narrative Review [Review of Conflict Management in Healthcare Leadership; A Narrative Review]. Journal of Medicine and HealthCare, 1. https://doi.org/10.47363/jmhc/2023(5)251
Kolb, D. M. (1987). Dealing with organizational conflict: Implications from theory. Negotiation Journal, 3(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01087248
Kolba, A., & Chadayeva, Z. (2021). Political Institutionalization of Conflicts: Basic Approaches and Research Problems. Вестник Пермского Университета Политология, 15(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2021-2-16-26
Korumaz, E. K. (2019). Modern Toplumda Bireyin Krizi: Marx, Durkheim ve Weber’in Eserlerinin Bir İncelemesi. DergiPark (Istanbul University). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosder/issue/51055/665826
Kriesberg, L. (1982). Social Conflict Theories and Conflict Resolution. Peace & Change, 8, 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.1982.tb00644.x
Kühne, O., Leonardi, L., & Berr, K. (2023). The open society and its life chances – from Karl Popper via Ralf Dahrendorf to a human geography of options and ligatures. Geographica Helvetica, 78(3), 341. https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-341-2023
Kung, A. (2017). Using environmental report cards to encourage constructive stakeholder relationships in natural resource management: developing a participatory report carding process. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2017.403
Laluddin, H. (2016). A Review of Three Major Sociological Theories and an Islamic Perspective [Review of A Review of Three Major Sociological Theories and an Islamic Perspective]. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 10(1), 8. National University of Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.10.2016.002
Lappalainen, P. (2019). Conflicts as Triggers of Personal Growth: Post-Traumatic Growth in the Organizational Setup. SciMedicine Journal, 1(3), 124. https://doi.org/10.28991/scimedj-2019-0103-2
Lashley, S. E. (2010). Pursuing Environmental Justice through Collaboration: Insights from Experience. Deep Blue (University of Michigan). https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/78909
Lawrence, P. R., & Lorsch, J. W. (1967). Differentiation and Integration in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391211
Lee, D. Y., & Jo, Y. (2023). The job demands-resource model and performance: the mediating role of employee engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1194018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1194018
Lee, J., Lee, J., Jun, K., & Kim, K. (2025). Exploring a multidimensional construct of employee experience and outcomes. Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-04-2024-0371
Lepeyko, T., & Назаров, Н. (2021). The Socio-Psychological Factors of Conflicts at Enterprise. Business Inform, 9(524), 236. https://doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-9-236-243
Linstead, S., Fulop, L., Gosling, J., Greene, A., & Richards, D. S. (2009). Managing conflict and negotiation (p. 575). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-92292-5_13
López, J. Á. M., Cano, J. M., Gómez, P. M., & Silva, A. M. C. e. (2022). Analysis of the Perception of Conflict and Its Positive Resolution in University Students. Social Sciences, 11(11), 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11110529
Mabaso, C., Lesabe, F., & Govender, C. M. (2024). Harmonious, Africanised, and Modern Employment Relations model in strategic Employment Relations. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 22. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v22i0.2230
Maeda, K. (2023). Organisational Culture as an Analytical Perspective on ‘Organisational Failure.’ In IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113154
Malik, A., Aziz, H., Shahabuddin, & Ahmed, T. (2019). Power, IntraTeam Conflicts, Conflict Contagion and its Impact on Performance. Information Management and Business Review, 11, 21. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v11i2(i).2879
Marr, C., & Jameson, J. K. (2025). Organizational Conflict. In Routledge eBooks (p. 314). Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003484639-19
Martínez-Corts, I., Moreno-Beltrán, J. P., Pérez, S. R., & Medina, F. J. (2022). Opponent or allied? An European analysis of the union presence and human resource practices. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.878006
Matebese, H., & Govender, C. M. (2022). Exploring global unionism to inform South African ICT sector union strategy. African Journal of Business Management, 16(5), 117. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm2021.9315
Mayer, K. B., & Dahrendorf, R. (1960). Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 288. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092642
Michael, K., & Mary, A. G. (2018). Organizational Conflict. In Routledge eBooks (p. 355). Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093291-23
Mikkelsen, E. N., & Clegg, S. (2017). Conceptions of Conflict in Organizational Conflict Research: Toward Critical Reflexivity. Journal of Management Inquiry, 28(2), 166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617716774
Mikkelsen, E. N., & Clegg, S. (2018). Unpacking the Meaning of Conflict in Organizational Conflict Research. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 11(3), 185. https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12127
Montiel, C. J., Paz, E. S. D., & Medriano, J. S. (2022). Narrative expansion and “terrorist” labeling: Discursive conflict escalation by state media. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 10(2), 518. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.5577
MÜller, E., & Swanepoel, P. C. F. (2023). Advocating for mediation as a way to de-escalate conflict, with a focus on medico-legal claims: The anatomy of human conflict. Law, Democracy & Development, 27, 278. https://doi.org/10.17159/2077-4907/2023/ldd.v27.11
Munduate, L., Medina, F. J., & Euwema, M. (2022). Mediation: Understanding a Constructive Conflict Management Tool in the Workplace. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 38(3), 165. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2022a20
Murerwa, T., & Guantai, F. K. (2019). Conflicts and Conflict Management in Modern Organisations-A Pre –Conflict Resolution Environment Approach. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(8). https://doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.9.08.2019.p92104
N., Š. M., & Lj., Š. S. (2019). Conflicts in industrial organizations and transition: The case of Serbia. Socioloski Pregled, 53(3), 836. https://doi.org/10.5937/socpreg53-22521
Nager, A. L. (2020). Mediation in a healthcare setting: Strategies and implementation. Journal of Hospital Administration, 9(4), 34. https://doi.org/10.5430/jha.v9n4p34
Naranjo Douglas, D., Fasce Cayo, N., & Carrasco Valencia, V. (2025). Transforming Employee Experience: An Integrated Approach To Engagement And Productivity.
Nasution, R. D. (2017). Kyai Sebagai Agen Perubahan Sosial Dan Perdamaian Dalam Masyarakat Tradisional. Sosiohumaniora, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v19i2.10346
Nurdin, M. F. (2019). The Communal Land Ownership Conflict between Lewobunga and Lewonara Villages, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i1.496
Olorunfemi, S. O., Adeniran, A. O., & Amoako‐Sakyi, R. O. (2024). Conflict among the National Union of Road Transport Workers in Akure, Nigeria: causes, consequences and management strategies. Discover Global Society, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00069-1
Organizational Analysis and Competitive Advantage. (n.d.).
Orsini, A. (2024). Durkheim. In Sociological Theory (p. 113). SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52539-1_5
Overton, A., & Lowry, A. C. (2013). Conflict Management: Difficult Conversations with Difficult People [Review of Conflict Management: Difficult Conversations with Difficult People]. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery, 26(4), 259. Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany). https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1356728
Pababbari, M. (2020). Front Antagonism Towards Social and Political Integration Perspectives on the Social Science of Prophetic. Jurnal Adabiyah, 20(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.24252/jad.v17i120i1a2
Patil, R. S., Pandita, P., & Waghmare, G. (2023). Design Thinking : A Creative Approach to Develop an Employee Experience Scale. Prabandhan Indian Journal of Management, 16(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2023/v16i2/172730
Pienov, V., Шевченко, І. Ю., & Дмитрієв, І. А. (2024). Управління Конфліктами В Колективі: Стратегії Врегулювання Та Підтримки Співробітників. Efektyvna Ekonomika, 7. https://doi.org/10.32702/2307-2105.2024.7.19
Prayogi, A. (2023). Social Change in Conflict Theory: A Descriptive Study. ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum1652
Rahim, A., & Bonoma, T. V. (1979). Managing Organizational Conflict: A Model for Diagnosis and Intervention. Psychological Reports, 44, 1323. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.44.3c.1323
Rai, N., & Kulkarni, V. (2023). Managing Newer Generations In Workplace: Opportunities And Challenges. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 3522. https://doi.org/10.53555/sfs.v10i1.1545
Rauda, L. O. M., Manarfa, A. U., Aris, M., Prayogi, A., Amin, H., Kuflia, A. T., Kartika Sari, M. H., La Ode Abdul Munafi, T., Mandati, W. O. R., Rasulu, H., Munaeni, W., Setiawan, E., & Asri, N. N. (2024). Teori Sosiologi.
Reid, R., & Lienemann, T. O. (n.d.). Marytb~1.
Robert, N. B. (2021). Conflicts in Environmental and Agricultural Organizations in the Far North Region of Cameroon. In IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95860
Robinson, M. (2017). “I Need That Week Off!”: An Experiential Exercise on Conflict and Negotiation. Organization Management Journal, 14(3), 160. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2017.1353897
Rossi, P., & Tuurnas, S. (2019). Conflicts fostering understanding of value co-creation and service systems transformation in complex public service systems. Public Management Review, 23(2), 254. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1679231
Rouwette, E. A. J. A., & Franco, L. A. (2024). Engaged Decision Making. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003404200
Rwehumbiza, E. G., & Mfugale, C. B. (2022). Contribution of Conflict Management on Employees’ Performance: A Case of Dar es Salaam Maritime Gateway Project. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1736736/v1
Saltık, Ö. (2024). Navigating the Stock Market: Modeling Wealth Exchange and Network Interaction with Loss Aversion, Disposition Effect and Anchoring and Adjustment Bias. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Arastirmalari Dergisi, 9(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1435009
Samuel, R. (2018). Dimensionality of Intra-Organizational Conflict and The Challenges for Human Resource Management in Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeria. Journal of Competitiveness, 10(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2018.01.08
Sarwani, S., Anggraeni, R. D., & Rezki, A. (2020). The Management of Conflict Resolution On Labor Wages. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v8i1.14994
Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (1996). Research Methods for Business Students. In Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey). University of Surrey. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/817621/
Schijndel, R. van, & Burchardi, H. (2007). Bench-to-bedside review: Leadership and conflict management in the intensive care unit [Review of Bench-to-bedside review: Leadership and conflict management in the intensive care unit]. Critical Care, 11(6), 234. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc6108
Scott, C., & Gerardi, D. (2011). A Strategic Approach for Managing Conflict in Hospitals: Responding to the Joint Commission Leadership Standard, Part 2. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 37(2), 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1553-7250(11)37009-2
Semenchenko, A. V., Nazarova, G., Семенченко, А., Назаров, Н., & Urdukhanov, R. (2021). Diagnostics and making decision in conflict management at the enterprise. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 43(2), 259. https://doi.org/10.15544/mts.2021.22
Sen, C. K. (2021). Optimal Conflict in Team-Based Laboratory Culture. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, 34(9), 713. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2020.8225
Shabangu, P., Meintjes, C., & Ngcwangu, S. (2022). A purposeful multi-stakeholder learning dialogue (PMSLD) approach to mitigate high-conflict collective bargaining. Communicare Journal for Communication Studies in Africa, 41(2), 118. https://doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v41i2.1390
Shah, P. P., Peterson, R. S., Jones, S. L., & Ferguson, A. (2020). Things Are Not Always What They Seem: The Origins and Evolution of Intragroup Conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 66(2), 426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839220965186
Shakirova, D. M., Sultanova, G. M., Tomashova, A. G., Ivanova, K. V., Imasheva, S. E., & Ivanova, Y. A. (2021). Анализ Конфликтной Среды Внутри Коллектива На Примере Персонала Медецинского Учереждения. Krasnoyarsk Science, 10(2), 84. https://doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2021-10-2-84-98
Skiba, R. (2020). Conflict De-Escalation: Workplace Training. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(7), 153. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.87013
Staden, P. V. (1991). Chapter 3: Theoretical issues. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v0i0.4422
Staniulienė, S., & Kurienė, I. (2022). Conflict Management by Increasing its Functionality in Case of Lithuanian Organizations. Management of Organizations Systematic Research, 87(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.2478/mosr-2022-0007
Suardi, L. S., & Furinto, A. (2023). Mobile Working Stress and Employee Innovative behavior: Exploring the Role of Organizational Conflict and Work Engagement. Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Business Excellence, 17(1), 2150. https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2023-0188
Suklun, H. (2019). A Case Study: Do Misconceptions Lead To Intergroup Conflicts At Workplaces? Business And Management Studies An International Journal, 7(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v7i1.1040
Suprapto, W., Maftuh, B., Sjamsuddin, H., & Malihah, E. (2020). Singkawang from Coser’s Perspective. JETL (Journal Of Education Teaching and Learning), 5(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v5i1.1894
Tejerina, B. (2024). Las teorías sociológicas del conflicto social. Algunas dimensiones analíticas a partir de K. Marx y G. Simmel. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 55, 47. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.55.47
Tjosvold, D. (2007). The conflict‐positive organization: it depends upon us. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.473
Tjosvold, D., Wong, A., & Chen, Y. (2019). Managing Conflict for Effective Leadership and Organizations. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.240
Toruan, T. S. L., Riyadi, B. S., & Gusti, D. P. (2023). Conflict Management and Strategy Management at the State Borders of Indonesia. International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology, 10(3), 319. https://doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1537
Townsend, M., & Romme, A. G. L. (2024). The Emerging Concept of the Human-Centered Organization: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature [Review of The Emerging Concept of the Human-Centered Organization: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature]. Humanistic Management Journal, 9(1), 53. Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41463-024-00168-w
Tully, J. (2018). 3. Reconciliation Here on Earth. In University of Toronto Press eBooks (p. 83). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487519926-005
Turner, J. R., Baker, R. M., & Morris, M. J. (2018). Complex Adaptive Systems: Adapting and Managing Teams and Team Conflict. In InTech eBooks. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72344
Ukka, I. T. I. (2020). Hectic News in Internet: Conflict Issues North Korea – South Korea (Discourse Analysis On North – South Korean Conflict On The Internet). International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 1(4), 111. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v1i4.38
Ulum, B. (2024). The Role of Political Party Elites in Reconciling Identity Political Conflicts After the 2019 Presidential Election: A Consensus Perspective. TEMALI Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial, 7(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.15575/jt.v7i1.31695
Uzougbo, N. S., Akagha, O. V., Coker, J. O., Bakare, S. S., & Ijiga, A. C. (2023). Effective strategies for resolving labour disputes in the corporate sector: Lessons from Nigeria and the United States. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 3(2), 418. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.3.2451
Vinay, N., Sudha, M., Ramachandran, M., & Raja, C. (2023). Maximizing the Benefits of Conflict Management In Business. 4(2). https://doi.org/10.46632/rmc/4/2/8
Weerarathna, R. S. (2017). Research Gaps in Organizational Conflicts: Future Research Perspectives. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 7(4), 240. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v7i4.12214
Zuldin, M. (2019). Ketimpangan Sebagai Penyebab Konflik: Kajian Atas Teori Sosial Kontemporer. Temali Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial, 2(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.15575/jt.v2i1.4050
