Data-Informed Professional Development for Strengthening Teacher Assessment Literacy in the Digital Era
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70063/eduspectrum.v2i2.129Keywords:
Assessment Literacy, Data-Informed Professional Development, Digital Assessment, Teacher Data Literacy, Artificial Intelligence in EducationAbstract
This study examines how data-informed professional development can strengthen teacher assessment literacy amid the growing demands of the digital era. Using a qualitative design, the research combines library investigation and content analysis of scholarly literature published over the past decade related to digital assessment, teacher data literacy, and technology-supported instructional decision-making. Findings reveal that digital transformation in education requires teachers to master data interpretation skills, utilize technology-enhanced assessment tools, and develop ethical awareness regarding privacy and algorithmic bias. However, many teachers continue to face competency gaps, inadequate professional development, and challenges in integrating digital assessment practices effectively. The study highlights that meaningful professional development must be continuous, collaborative, evidence-based, and incorporate data literacy, AI literacy, and reflective pedagogical practice. Such an approach equips teachers to interpret complex data, design valid digital assessments, and make ethically responsible, evidence-driven instructional decisions. This research provides conceptual clarity and a foundation for designing comprehensive professional development frameworks aimed at enhancing teacher assessment literacy within rapidly evolving digital learning environments.
Downloads
References
Alastor, E., Guillén‐Gámez, F. D., & Ruiz‐Palmero, J. (2025). Pre-Service Teachers’ Digital Competence in Early Childhood and Primary Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature [Review of Pre-Service Teachers’ Digital Competence in Early Childhood and Primary Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature]. Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación Del Profesorado Continuación de La Antigua Revista de Escuelas Normales, 39(2), 147. University of Murcia. https://doi.org/10.47553/rifop.v39i2.107966
Allahyari, R., Abbasabady, M. M., Akhter, S., & Alibakhshi, G. (2023). EFL teachers’ cognition of social and psychological consequences of high-stake national language tests: role of teacher training workshops. Language Testing in Asia, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-023-00262-0
Alonzo, D., Leverett, J., & Obsioma, E. (2021). Leading an Assessment Reform: Ensuring a Whole-School Approach for Decision-Making. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.631857
Alonzo, D., Quimno, V., Townend, G., & Oo, C. Z. (2024). Using information and communication technology (ICT)-based data systems to support teacher data-driven decision-making: Insights from the literature (2013–2023). Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-024-09443-8
Alonzo, D., & Teng, S. (2023). Trustworthiness of Teacher Assessment and Decision-Making: Reframing the Consistency and Accuracy Measures. International Journal of Instruction, 16(3), 1075. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16357a
Angwaomaodoko, E. A. (2023). An appraisal on the Role of Technology in Modern Education, Opportunities and Challenges. Path of Science, 9(12), 3019. https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.99-4
Ayala-Pazmiño, M. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in Education: Exploring the Potential Benefits and Risks. 593 Digital Publisher CEIT, 8(3), 892. https://doi.org/10.33386/593dp.2023.3.1827
Bankole, H. B., & Ayanwale, M. A. (2025). Digital assessments boost science attitudes and sustainable education. Discover Sustainability, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01963-7
Bjælde, O. E., Lindberg, A. B., Campbell, M., Willems, J., Adachi, C., Blake, D., Doherty, I., Krishnan, S., Macfarlane, S., Ngo, L., O’Donnell, M., Palmer, S., Riddell, L., Story, I., Suri, H., & Tai, J. (2018). Using continuous assessment with feedback loops to generate useful data for learning analytics. ASCILITE Publications, 53. https://doi.org/10.14742/apubs.2018.1928
Børte, K., Lillejord, S., Chan, J., Wasson, B., & Greiff, S. (2023). Prerequisites for teachers’ technology use in formative assessment practices: A systematic review [Review of Prerequisites for teachers’ technology use in formative assessment practices: A systematic review]. Educational Research Review, 41, 100568. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100568
Bui, T. H. (2022). A Review of Language Testing and Assessment in Online Teaching [Review of A Review of Language Testing and Assessment in Online Teaching]. International Journal of English Linguistics, 12(4), 54. Canadian Center of Science and Education. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v12n4p54
Bulut, O., Beiting-Parrish, M., Casabianca, J. M., Slater, S. C., Jiao, H., Song, D., Ormerod, C. M., Fabiyi, D. G., Ivan, R., Walsh, C., Rios, O., Wilson, J. M., Yildirim‐Erbasli, S. N., Wongvorachan, T., Liu, J. X., Tan, B., & Morilova, P. (2024). The Rise of Artificial Intelligence in Educational Measurement: Opportunities and Ethical Challenges. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2406.18900
Cao, J., Bhuvaneswari, G., Arumugam, T., & Aravind, B. R. (2023). The digital edge: examining the relationship between digital competency and language learning outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1187909
Celeste, R. J., & Osias, N. (2024). Challenges and Implementation of Technology Integration: Basis for Enhanced Instructional Program. American Journal of Arts and Human Science, 3(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajahs.v3i2.2656
Chinta, S. V., Wang, Z., Yin, Z., Hoang, N., Gonzalez, M., Quy, T. L., & Zhang, W. (2024). FairAIED: Navigating Fairness, Bias, and Ethics in Educational AI Applications. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2407.18745
Ciccone, M. (2023). Algorithmic Literacies: K–12 Realities and Possibilities. In The MIT Press eBooks (p. 15). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13654.003.0005
Cipriano, G., & Martins, S. da C. (2024). Introducing technologies into national large-scale testing: Are we ready? Education Policy Analysis Archives, 32. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.32.8538
Cipriano, G., & Martins, S. da C. (2025). Examining the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and professional development on teachers’ grade repetition beliefs and practice. Educational Research for Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-025-09403-z
Costa, M. L. (2025). Artificial Intelligence and Data Literacy in Rural Schools’ Teaching Practices: Knowledge, Use, and Challenges. Education Sciences, 15(3), 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030352
Cowie, B., Edwards, F., & Trask, S. (2021). Explicating the Value of Standardized Educational Achievement Data and a Protocol for Collaborative Analysis of This Data. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.619319
Cubio, M. J. V. (2025). The Influence of Privacy, Bias, and Surveillance Concerns on Teachers’ Willingness to Use Artificial Intelligence in Education. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 3192. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.903sedu0240
Cui, Y., & Hai, Z. (2022). Integrating teacher data literacy with TPACK: A self-report study based on a novel framework for teachers’ professional development. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.966575
Daher, R. F. (2025). Integrating AI literacy into teacher education: a critical perspective paper. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00475-7
DiCerbo, K. E. (2020). Assessment for Learning with Diverse Learners in a Digital World. Educational Measurement Issues and Practice, 39(3), 90. https://doi.org/10.1111/emip.12374
Dodman, S., DeMulder, E. K., View, J. L., Stribling, S. M., & Brusseau, R. (2023). “I knew it was a problem before, but did I really?”: Engaging teachers in data use for equity. Journal of Educational Change, 24(4), 995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-022-09477-z
Du, K., Geiger, J., Killen, T., Porta, A. E., & O’Brien, T. (2024). The Paradigm Shift in Education in Big Data Era: Exploring the Intersection of Historical Assessment Frameworks and AI-Powered Assessment Methods in Education. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 12(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v12i2.6582
Eden, C. A., Chisom, O. N., & Adeniyi, I. S. (2024). Integrating AI in education: Opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews, 10(2), 6. https://doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2024.10.2.0039
Ercikan, K., Asıl, M., & Grover, R. (2018). Digital divide: A critical context for digitally based assessments. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 26, 51. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3817
Estaiteyeh, M., & McQuirter, R. (2024). Generative or Degenerative?! Implications of AI Tools in Pre-Service Teacher Education and Reflections on Instructors’ Professional Development. Brock Education Journal, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.26522/brocked.v33i3.1176
Estaji, M. (2024a). Perceived need for a teacher education course on assessment literacy development: insights from EAP instructors. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-024-00272-2
Estaji, M. (2024b). Unveiling the impact of language assessment teacher education on EFL teachers’ assessment agency and professional development trajectory: perceptions, opportunities, and challenges. Language Testing in Asia, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-024-00292-2
Fleur, J. L., & Dlamini, R. (2022). Towards learner-centric pedagogies: Technology-enhanced teaching and learning in the 21st century classroom. Journal of Education, 88, 1. https://doi.org/10.17159/2520-9868/i88a01
Fraidan, A. A., & Alaliwi, M. (2024). Digital Transformation for Sustainable English Language Learning: Insights from Saudi Arabia and Global Perspectives. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 6(6), 439. https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v6i6.7754
Fraidan, Prof. A. A. (2024). Anticipatory Thinking and AI-Driven Assessments: A Balanced Approach to AI Integration in Education Aligned with Saudi Vision 2030. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 619. https://doi.org/10.53555/ajbr.v27i3.2560
Giraldo, F. (2021a). A Reflection on Initiatives for Teachers’ Professional Development Through Language Assessment Literacy. PROFILE Issues in Teachers Professional Development, 23(1), 197. https://doi.org/10.15446/profile.v23n1.83094
Giraldo, F. (2021b). Language Assessment Literacy and Teachers’ Professional Development: A Review of the Literature [Review of Language Assessment Literacy and Teachers’ Professional Development: A Review of the Literature]. PROFILE Issues in Teachers Professional Development, 23(2), 265. National University of Colombia. https://doi.org/10.15446/profile.v23n2.90533
Giraldo, F. (2021c). Language Assessment Literacy: Insights for Educating English Language Teachers through Assessment. HOW, 28(3), 78. https://doi.org/10.19183/how.28.3.673
Guruloo, T. N. M., & Osman, K. (2024). Beyond Pen and Paper: Understanding the Landscape of Digital Assessment in Stem Higher Education. In Lecture notes in educational technology (p. 177). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6136-4_8
Hassan, G. (2023). Technology and The Transformation of Educational Practices: A Future Perspective. International Journal of Economic Business Accounting Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 3(1), 1596. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v3i1.1136
Herrera, L., & Macías, D. F. (2015). A Call for Language Assessment Literacy in the Education and Development of English Language Teachers. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 17(2), 302. https://doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.calj.2015.2.a09
Holmes, W., Iniesto, F., Anastopoulou, S., & Boticario, J. G. (2023). Stakeholder Perspectives on the Ethics of AI in Distance-Based Higher Education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 24(2), 96. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v24i2.6089
Hopfenbeck, T. N., Zhang, Z., Sun, S. Z., Robertson, P., & McGrane, J. A. (2023). Challenges and opportunities for classroom-based formative assessment and AI: a perspective article. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1270700
Hull, P. S., & Vígh, T. (2024). Teachers’ assessment literacy: A descriptive literature review. The Hungarian Educational Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1556/063.2024.00317
Huynh, T.-N., Le, T.-T., Dang, B., An, B. T., Vu, C.-T., & Nguyen, A. (2025). Mindset matters: Fostering teachers’ responsible AI use through professional development. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44322-025-00043-y
Ifenthaler, D., Majumdar, R., Gorissen, P., Judge, M., Mishra, S., Raffaghelli, J. E., & Shimada, A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Education: Implications for Policymakers, Researchers, and Practitioners. Technology Knowledge and Learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-024-09747-0
Indayani, W. R., Asari, S., & Maruf, N. (2023). Examining Teachers’ Perceptions And Attitudes Towards The Integration Of Technology In Assessment Practices. English Review Journal of English Education, 11(3), 735. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v11i3.8817
Insani, A. N. P., Aprilia, P. K., & Mistar, J. (2024). Challenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study of EFL Teachers’ Digital Proficiency and its Impact on Interactive Language Assessment. Voices of English Language Education Society, 8(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v8i1.25095
Karadağ, R., & Koyuncu, İ. (2025). Development and validation of digital assessment literacy self-efficacy scale. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 12(3), 806. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1606780
Karakaya, K., Alpat, M. F., Uçar, H., Karakaya, Ö., & Bozkurt, A. (2025). Preparing teachers for the algorithmic educational landscape: A critical mapping of generative AI integration in language teacher education. Technology in Language Teaching & Learning, 7(2), 102841. https://doi.org/10.29140/tltl.v7n2.102841
Karamifar, B., Germain‐Rutherford, A., Heiser, S., Emke, M., Hopkins, J., Ernest, P., Stickler, U., & Hampel, R. (2019). Language Teachers and Their Trajectories Across Technology-Enhanced Language Teaching: Needs and Beliefs of ESL/EFL Teachers. TESL Canada Journal, 36(3), 55. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v36i3.1321
Kerneža, M., & Zemljak, D. (2023). Science Teachers’ Approach To Contemporary Assessment With A Reading Literacy Emphasis. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 22(5), 851. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/23.22.851
Ketkumbonk, A., Sukying, A., & Min, C. (2025). From Theory to Practice in Language Assessment: Perspectives From Thai Preservice English Teachers. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 15(9), 3136. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1509.36
Khan, A., Hassan, N., & Cheng, L. (2025). Investigating the contextual factors mediating washback effects of a learning-oriented English language assessment in Malaysia. Language Testing in Asia, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-025-00359-8
Khateeb, A. A. (2023). Uncovering Digital Competence in Language Instruction: A Study of Pre-Service English Teachers in Saudi Arabi. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 14(6), 1492. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1406.07
Khosravi, H., Sadiq, S., & Amer-Yahia, S. (2023). Data management of AI-powered education technologies: Challenges and opportunities. https://doi.org/10.59453//xlud7002
Koh, K. (2023). Designing Culturally Responsive Online Assessments for Equity-Deserving Students. Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry, 15(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.18733/cpi29712
Koh, K., Lock, J., & DePass, C. (2023). CPI Special Issue: “All That Glitters is Not Gold: Culturally Responsive Online Assessment and Pedagogy in Uncertain Times.” Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry, 15(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.18733/cpi29704
Lademann, J., Henze, J., Honke, N., Wollny, C., & Becker-Genschow, S. (2025). Teacher training in the age of AI: Impact on AI Literacy and Teachers’ Attitudes. arXiv (Cornell University). http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.03011
Latif, M. W. (2021). Exploring tertiary EFL practitioners’ knowledge base component of assessment literacy: implications for teacher professional development. Language Testing in Asia, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-021-00130-9
Lee, J., Alonzo, D., Beswick, K., Abril, J. M. V., Chew, A. W., & Oo, C. Z. (2024). Dimensions of teachers’ data literacy: A systematic review of literature from 1990 to 2021 [Review of Dimensions of teachers’ data literacy: A systematic review of literature from 1990 to 2021]. Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability, 36(2), 145. Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-024-09435-8
Lei, W., & Lei, Z. (2025). Exploring EFL teachers’ beliefs and practices of formative assessment in Chinese context. PLoS ONE, 20(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333678
Leibur, T., & Saks, K. (2025). Leveraging learning analytics to support teachers’ professional development: insights from a digital application. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1639217
Letina, A., Škugor, A., & Tomaš, S. (2025). Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices of Assessment in Primary Schools. European Journal of Educational Research, 14(4), 1105. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.14.4.1105
Literature Review. (n.d.).
Meletiou-Mavrotheris, Μ., Bakogianni, D., Danidou, Y., Paparistodemou, E., & Kofteros, A. (2025). Investigating Student Teacher Engagement with Data-Driven AI and Ethical Reasoning in a Graduate-Level Education Course. Education Sciences, 15(9), 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15091179
Michos, K., Schmitz, M.-L., & Petko, D. (2023). Teachers’ data literacy for learning analytics: a central predictor for digital data use in upper secondary schools. Education and Information Technologies, 28(11), 14453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11772-y
Miller, W. T. (2024). Adapting to AI: Reimagining the Role of Assessment Professionals. Intersection A Journal at the Intersection of Assessment and Learning, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.61669/001c.121439
Mouta, A., Sánchez, E. M. T., & Llorente, A. M. P. (2024). Comprehensive professional learning for teacher agency in addressing ethical challenges of AIED: Insights from educational design research. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12946-y
Neumann, M. M., Anthony, J. L., Erazo, N. A., & Neumann, D. L. (2019). Assessment and Technology: Mapping Future Directions in the Early Childhood Classroom. Frontiers in Education, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00116
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Su, J., Ng, C. W., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Teachers’ AI digital competencies and twenty-first century skills in the post-pandemic world. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(1), 137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10203-6
Nuankaew, P., Nasa-Ngium, P., & Nuankaew, W. S. (2025). Artificial intelligence and educational data mining technologies for the 4th SDG quality education: A systematic review [Review of Artificial intelligence and educational data mining technologies for the 4th SDG quality education: A systematic review]. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3), 4217. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i3.7468
Ofem, U. J., Orim, F. S., Edam-Agbor, I. B., Amanso, E. O. I., Eni, E., Ukatu, J. O., Ovat, S. V., Osang, A. W., Dien, C. A., & Abuo, C. B. (2025). Teachers’ preparedness for the utilization of artificial intelligence in classroom assessment: the contributory effects of attitude toward technology, technological readiness, and pedagogical beliefs with perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness as mediators. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1568306
Pastore, S. (2023). Teacher assessment literacy: a systematic review [Review of Teacher assessment literacy: a systematic review]. Frontiers in Education, 8. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1217167
Pimentel, A. Jr. (2024). Unveiling the Barriers to Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4970233/v1
Preface. (2023). In Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe eBooks (p. 4). Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe. https://doi.org/10.12657/9788379863761-1
Qadar, R., Syam, M., & Mahdiannur, M. A. (2025). Analyzing high school physics teachers’ understanding of cognitive process and knowledge dimensions in assessment design using the revised Bloom’s taxonomy. Discover Education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00807-w
Ramanujam, P., & Ismail, H. H. (2024). The Realities of Roblox and Metaverse Technologies and Emerging Potential Enhancing English Language Learning.
Rasyid, M. N. A., Alfian, A., Djamereng, J., & Nurwahida, N. (2023). English language assessment in Indonesian senior high schools: Perceived challenges and prospective solutions. Journal on English as a Foreign Language, 14(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.23971/jefl.v14i1.6963
Raynault, A., Heilporn, G., Mascarenhas, A., & Denis, C. (2022). Teaching Experiences of E-Authentic Assessment: Lessons Learned in Higher Education. Journal of Teaching and Learning with Technology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.14434/jotlt.v11i1.34594
Rütti-Joy, O., Winder, G., & Biedermann, H. (2023). Building AI Literacy for Sustainable Teacher Education. Zeitschrift Für Hochschulentwicklung, 18(4), 175. https://doi.org/10.21240/zfhe/18-04/10
Rütti-Joy, O., Winder, G., & Biedermann, H. (2024). Teacher Educator Professionalism in the Age of AI: Navigating the new Landscape of Quality Education. In Artificial intelligence. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1005030
Sandoval-Ríos, F., Gajardo-Poblete, C., & Núñez, J. A. L. (2025). Role of data literacy training for decision-making in teaching practice: a systematic review [Review of Role of data literacy training for decision-making in teaching practice: a systematic review]. Frontiers in Education, 10. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1485821
Sandvik, L. V., & Emstad, A. B. (2019). Realizing data-driven changes and teacher agency in upper secondary schools through formative interventions. In Routledge eBooks (p. 91). Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429316838-7
Saud, D. S., & Laudari, S. (2023). English Language Teachers’ Experiences of Using ICT in ELT. Journal of NELTA, 28(1), 151. https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v28i1.61800
Shaghayegh, S., & Ali, D., Mansoor. (2025). AI Literacy in Education: Balancing Innovation, Ethics, and Equity in the Digital Age. OICC Press Journals. https://doi.org/10.57647/jntell.2025.si-02
Skedsmo, G., & Huber, S. (2024). Enhancing feedback practices and formative assessment in education: insights and challenges from diverse contexts. Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability, 36(2), 141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-024-09436-7
Stephenson, B., & Harvey, A. (2022). Student Equity in the Age of AI-Enabled Assessment. In Routledge eBooks (p. 120). Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003293101-14
Suherman, A. (2022). Exploring Language Assessment Literacy Of Efl Teachers In The Context Of Indonesian Higher Education. English Review Journal of English Education, 10(3), 783. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v10i3.6525
Tammets, K., & Ley, T. (2023). Integrating AI tools in teacher professional learning: a conceptual model and illustrative case. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1255089
Tan, M. J. T., & Maravilla, N. M. A. T. (2024). Unpopular Opinion: Generative Artificial Intelligence Is Not Eroding Academic Integrity. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.19088
Tan, Q. (2025). Reimagining teacher development in the era of generative AI: A scoping review [Review of Reimagining teacher development in the era of generative AI: A scoping review]. Teaching and Teacher Education, 168, 105236. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2025.105236
Tenberga, I., & Daniela, L. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Literacy Competencies for Teachers Through Self-Assessment Tools. Sustainability, 16(23), 10386. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310386
Trevisan, O., Christensen, R., Drossel, K., Friesen, S., Forkosh‐Baruch, A., & Phillips, M. (2024). Drivers of Digital Realities for Ongoing Teacher Professional Learning. Technology Knowledge and Learning, 29(4), 1851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-024-09771-0
Umeji, I. C. (2024). Digital assessment and evaluation practices in teacher education: A study of institutions offering teacher education programs in Anambra state. Forum for Education Studies., 2(3), 1595. https://doi.org/10.59400/fes.v2i3.1595
West, D., Huijser, H., & Heath, D. (2018). Learning Analytics in the Classroom. In Routledge eBooks. Informa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351113038
Will, K. K., McConnell, S. R., Elmquist, M., Lease, E. M., & Wackerle‐Hollman, A. (2019). Meeting in the Middle: Future Directions for Researchers to Support Educators’ Assessment Literacy and Data-Based Decision Making. Frontiers in Education, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00106
Xia, Q., Weng, X., Ouyang, F., Lin, T., & Chiu, T. K. F. (2024). A scoping review on how generative artificial intelligence transforms assessment in higher education [Review of A scoping review on how generative artificial intelligence transforms assessment in higher education]. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00468-z
Xiao, R., Xiao, Q., Hou, X., Moletsane, P. P., Li, H., Shen, H., & Stamper, J. (2025). Do Teachers Dream of GenAI Widening Educational (In)equality? Envisioning the Future of K-12 GenAI Education from Global Teachers’ Perspectives. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.10782
Yeşilçınar, S. (2024). Preservice Teachers’ Views On Online Language Assessment. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1524449
Zakaria, Z., Wahid, N. T. Ab., & Latif, A. A. (2023). Data Literacy Competencies for Informed Classroom Assessment Practice: Challenges and Measures. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v12-i3/19320
Zou, Y. L., Kuek, F., Feng, W., & Cheng, X. (2025). Digital learning in the 21st century: trends, challenges, and innovations in technology integration. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1562391





